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Pub names are used to identify and differentiate traditional drinking establishments. Many are centuries old, and were named at a time when most of their customers were illiterate, but could recognise pub signs or objects such as a boot hung up outside. Pubs may be named after and depict anything from everyday objects, to sovereigns and landowners (shown by their coats of arms). Other names come from historic events, , occupations, sports, and . Other names derive from myths and legends, such as the and the of Wiltshire.

Pub names may straightforwardly describe their building, or services other than serving beer provided by the establishment. Several names allude to the stages of growing barley, and brewing and transporting the beer, such as John Barleycorn, Hop Pole, Malt Shovel, Mash Tun, and Three Barrels. Pubs that served wine could have names like the Spread Eagle, indicating the coat of arms of Germany. Sporting pubs had names like the Hare and Hounds or the Bowling Green. Several pub names are literary, denoting books like Uncle Tom's Cabin or , fictional characters like , or authors like .

Many old pubs are named for famous figures or ordinary trades. Several have names intended to be humorous, including the names used by some pub chains. Among the most common pub names are the Red Lion, the Royal Oak, the Crown, and the Swan. Closed pubs are marked †.

Heraldry
Badges
Many pubs have names, often directly naming the animal or object used as a badge or heraldic charge. Among the most common, both in heraldry and on pub signs is the Red Lion. As a pub sign, it probably has multiple origins: in the arms or crest of a local landowner; as the personal badge of John of Gaunt, founder of the House of Lancaster; or in the royal arms of Scotland, conjoined to the arms of England after the Stuart succession in 1603.
(1994). 9781853263347, Wordsworth Reference. .
The was the of King Richard II of England; it became so popular as an inn sign during his reign that it was adopted by many later inns and taverns.
(2025). 9780099520177, . .
The Blue Boar, the name of many pubs in , , , Maldon, and elsewhere, was the badge of the Earls of Oxford. The White Boar on the other hand was the badge of King Richard III, while the White Horse was for the Hanoverian Kings. King Edward III's badge was the Rising Sun, while the Red Dragon denotes Wales. The Eagle and Child, , its name derived from the arms of the Earls of Derby,
(2025). 9781840222661, Wordsworth Editions. .
was a meeting place of the ; the name was in 2005 shared by 25 other pubs.
(2025). 9780701169077, Chatto & Windus.

Arms
Names starting with the word "Three" are often based on the arms of a London or trade . Thus the Three Compasses is named for the Worshipful Company of Carpenters. Sometimes the livery company or guild is named directly, as in the Blacksmiths Arms, Bricklayers Arms, Carpenters Arms, Masons Arms, and Saddlers Arms; people in these trades often met in these places. Another old profession recorded in a pub name is the Drover's Inn, , Scotland, named after the .

History, myth and legend
Many pub names record aspects of history, real or imagined, from specific events to local legends.

Historic events
Several historic events are commemorated in pub names. A few of these, such as the Royal Oak, are extremely common. One or two events, like the Battle of Trafalgar, have resulted in multiple different pub names.

+ Events commemorated in pub names
's Head, Turk's Head
Hand and Shears: tailors would gather in the pub the night before the fair and wave their shears announcing that the fair should begin
(2025). 9781841959344, Canongate.
Magna Charta, ,
Rose and Crown: Edward III used a golden rose as a personal badge, and two of his sons adapted it by changing the colour: John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, used a red rose, and Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, used a white rose. In 1485, at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Henry Tudor, a descendant of Lancaster, defeated Richard III of the York dynasty and married Richard's niece Elizabeth of York. Since then, the combined red-and-white , often crowned, has been a symbol of the monarchy of England.
As many as 467 pubs named ; the prince hid in the .
The Battle of Minden, , †
The Trafalgar, Wimbledon Chase. The area once had several pubs whose names recalled the battle, its victor Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (the Nelson Arms), his ship , and his mistress : she and Nelson had a house at Merton Place. All are now closed except the Kiss Me Hardy in Collier's Wood.
Waterloo Inn, Biggin-by-Hartington among others
Bhurtpore Inn, Aston, Cheshire. The Inn is on land that was part of the estates of Lord Combermere, commander of British forces during the siege.
The Abdication, Arnold
Man on the Moon, Northfield, Birmingham: originally called The Man in the Moon and renamed on the day of the first Moon landing

Religion
The amount of religious symbolism in pub names decreased after 's break from the church of Rome. For instance, many pubs originally called the Pope's Head were renamed to the less contentious King's Head. Publicans sometimes changed the names of their premises to something close to the original Catholic meaning, so the St Peter could be renamed to the Crossed Keys (that the saint holds, to the gates of heaven), or the Ark could be called the Ship.

Among the surviving religious references, the Lion and Lamb, Pennington, Hampshire is named from 's usage, where the lion represents the resurrection of Christ, and the lamb denotes Christ's sacrifice. The Shaven Crown, at Shipton-under-Wychwood, once belonged to the monks of . The Cardinal's Hat, Harleston, Norfolk was an inn from at least 1591.

Myths and legends
Several pub names commemorate English myths and legends.

+ Pubs named for myths and legends
Several pubs, usually named after the legendary overnight ride from London to York in 1737 by on his mare, Black Bess.
Named after England's patron saint, St. George.
Owned by St Austell Brewery; named after a supposed incident where the landlord brought up a bucket of blood from the building's well, as a murdered smuggler had been dropped there.
Fiddler's Green is a legendary place in the afterlife where existence consists of all leisure and no work; in the 19th century, specifically for sailors.
Over 100 pubs (as of 2025), named for , of , and his conflict with a .
Several pubs, named for .
A name used for many pubs, from folklore of the and the image of the Wild Man.
A Wiltshire folk story holds that comes from the time when was common in the region.
Several pubs named for , the lawless anti-hero of in
Of uncertain origin, with various local stories, such as a landlady whose tongue was cut out by smugglers so she couldn't talk to the authorities, or a saint beheaded for her Christianity.
(2025). 9781840222661, Wordsworth Editions. .
The pub signs sometimes have an image of a woman or the couplet: "Here is a woman who has lost her head / She's quiet now—you see she's dead".

Historic opinions
All Labour In Vain or Labour In Vain is a pub name probably of Biblical origins. The name was formerly often illustrated by a person trying to scrub the blackness off a black child. Such signs have been mostly replaced with more innocuous depictions of wasted effort. There are numerous old pubs and inns in England named The Black Boy(s), many now claimed to refer either to child chimneysweeps or coal miners, or to a (genuine) historic description of King Charles II. The Black Boy Inn in , North Wales, has received at least a dozen complaints from visitors over the name, which dates back at least 250 years. In 2021 brewer changed the names of three pubs called The Black Boy, and another called The Black's Head. The Black Bitch, a pub in , West Lothian, is named after the local legend of a black who is said to have repeatedly swum to an island in the town's loch to bring food to its imprisoned master, only to suffer the same fate when its efforts were discovered. The pub's name has caused more than a few surprised tourists to question the name or decry it as racist.

The pub itself
The pub building
The Hippodrome in March, Isle of Ely was once a cinema. The Hole in the Wall is the name of several very small pubs. One such at Waterloo, London, is spacious but built into a railway viaduct. The Hole in the Wall, Gibraltar was an iconic bar well frequented by the navy workers. The Hundred House Inn, originates from when the building was a collecting house for the tithes from districts in the Doddingtree Hundred. The Lattice House, King's Lynn was named for its timbered structure. The Thatched House Tavern, Cambridge is named after the building's roofing. The Three Legged Mare, , is named after the design of a , like the one in the pub's garden; affectionately known as the Wonky Donkey.

Services provided by the pub
Several old pub names describe services (other than serving beer) that were provided by a pub. Checkers or Chequer(s), such as at March, Isle of Ely, harks back to ancient Rome, when a chequer board indicated banking services. The checked board was used as an aid to counting, and is the origin of the word . The Pewter Platter, Cross Street, Hatton Garden †, identified a pub where meals were served. The Coach & Horses indicated a coaching inn, while the Farriers Arms was a pub with a who could re-shoe the traveller's horses while he relaxed, and the Wheelwrights was a name for a pub where a coach's wheels could be repaired or replaced. Names could also be one-offs, like the Free Press in , named for when part of the building was used to print a newspaper.

Food
Some pub names refer to items of food to tempt the hungry traveller. For example, The Baron of Beef in Cambridge refers to a double sirloin joined at the backbone, while the Red Herring, Great Yarmouth is named after a product of the local fishing industry.

Beer
Several pub names allude to the stages of brewing and serving the beer. The Hop Pole names an item used to support hops, that flavour the beer, while the Barley Mow names the process of harvesting the barley that will be fermented into the beer itself. Names of this type may indicate pubs founded as early as the 12th century. The Malt Shovel names a tool used to turn over the soaked barley grain. The names the brewery vessel used to mix grains with water. Three names containers for beer. The Brewery Tap was a pub on site or adjacent to a ; it often showcasing its products to visitors.

Many traditional pub names allude to the beer available inside. The Barley Mow is a stack or sheaf of , the principal grain from which beer is made. is a character of English traditional folk music and , similar to a . He is annually cut down at the ankles, thrashed, but always reappears—an allegory of growth and harvest based on barley.

(1976). 9780720480214, North-Holland Publishing Company. .

The Cock and Bottle names the used to serve beer from a barrel, and a beer bottle. The Pint Shop names a common unit of volume, while The Tankard, London is named after the drinks container.

Wine
The pub name the Castle sometimes denoted the Coat of Arms of Castile in , meaning that Spanish wines were available within. The Spread Eagle's name is from the heraldic depiction of an eagle 'displayed', probably from the arms of , indicating that German wines were available within.

The name of the Hoop and Grapes, High Street, London is a version of the Hops and Grapes, its original name, meaning that it sold both beer and wine. The pub survived the 1666 Great Fire of London, which stopped just short of the building.

Objects denoting the pub
Before painted inn signs became commonplace, medieval publicans often identified their establishments by hanging or standing a distinctive object outside the pub. This tradition dates back to , when vine leaves were hung outside to show where wine was sold. Pubs named the Hollybush, the Bull and Bush, or just the Bush may represent survivals of this custom.

Other objects used as pub names include a Boot, Copper Kettle, Plough, Boot and Slipper, Horn(e), and Crooked Billet (a bent branch).

Sports
Hunting, shooting, and fishing
Names like Fox and Hounds, Greyhound, and Hare and Hounds indicate hunting grounds nearby. The Anglers Beerhouse, Wisbech similarly indicates fishing in the vicinity. An unusual foxhunting pub name is the Hark to Bellman, , named after a hound of the huntsman .The Manchester Courier And Lancashire General Advertiser 8 July 1848 Finally, the Rabbits, Gainsborough names a frequent object of shooting. The Bird in Hand denotes , possibly from King Henry VIII's liking for that activity. The Dog and Duck once named pubs where events were held. The Fighting Cocks (or just 'Cock') indicated cockfighting (or a heraldic charge). Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in rivals Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in for the title of oldest pub; its name advertised actual cockfighting entertainment in the pub, accompanied by gambling on the winner.

Other sports
Some pubs are named for other kinds of sport. is popular in the Manchester area: some of the greens are attached to pubs, including the Bowling Green Hotel in Chorlton-cum-Hardy.Lloyd, John (1972) The Township of Chorlton-cum-Hardy. Manchester: E. J. Morten; pp. 104–06 The Nine Pins, Cambridge † was named after that sport, while the Cricketers Arms and the Bat and Ball indicate .

Places and things
Some pubs are named for a place, building, nearby topographic feature, or local animals and plants.

Nearby structures
A simple example is the Barrack Tavern, , which is near the army's Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. The Horsefair Tavern, Wisbech (from 2023 The Magwitch) was amed after the Horsefair (once a site for selling horses). The Bridge Inn, , Cambridgeshire, was named for the nearby floating bridge, held in place with chains, across the River Great Ouse. The Windmill Inn, , was named for the nearby , which ground grain until about 1910.

A few pubs are named for features of the natural landscape: The Nene Inn, Wisbech is named for , while the Bunch of Carrots, is named after a rock formation.

The First and Last is the nickname of The Redesdale Arms, the nearest pub to the border between England and Scotland, on the A68 between Rochester and Otterburn, Northumberland. Similarly commemorating an isolated location is the Five Miles from Anywhere Inn: No Hurry, , Cambridgeshire.

Animals
Several pubs have animal names, some of them old. The Pied Bull in in reputed to be the oldest licensed house in that city and dates back to 1155. The Pyewipe Inn, Lincoln (attested in 1863), gets its name from the Lincolnshire dialect word for the . Other pubs with animals in their names include the Bald Faced Stag Inn, ; it was notorious as frequented by murderers and criminal gangs, and possibly at the site of the local .
(2020). 9781526755193, Pen and Sword History. .
The Black Bear, once had a stuffed black bear at its entrance. The Inn, (†, now a restaurant) was named in 1860 for a large bird; local tradition holds that the last in England was shot on the hill behind the restaurant. The Crane, was named for that species, once numerous in ; crane is a nickname for the inhabitants. The Lobster, was patronised by the lifeboat crew who formed the Shanty Men.

Plants
Several plant names are used for pubs; if "Royal Oak" is accepted as one such, then it is one of the commonest, as the name is used by hundreds of pubs across England. Among the pubs named Hand and Flower(s) is one in , London. Other plant-named pubs include the Artichoke at , , and the Olde Yew Tree Inn, , Kent, founded in 1348.

Transport
Land
Some pub names allude to the road they are on, like the Highway Inn, Burford, or to things that were once seen on their road, like the Steamer, , Hertfordshire: the pub is at the top of a steep hill where carriers required an extra horse (a cock-horse) to help get the wagon up the hill. After its exertion the cock-horse could be seen standing steaming on a cold day as its sweat evaporated. Several pub names are from common sights on 18th century roads, like the Coach and Horses, Horse and Groom, or Waggon and Horses. A less common name is I Am the Only Running Footman, , London; it is named after a servant employed to run ahead of a carriage and pay tolls.
(2025). 9780600622512, Hachette.
More recently, the Rusty Bicycle has become the new name of the Eagle in : the University of Oxford's students often cycle round the town. With the construction of canals and then railways in the Industrial Revolution, pubs named Navigation Inn and then Railway Inn or Station Inn became commonplace.

Water
Many pubs are beside water or in ports, benefiting from visitors from both land and sea. Pub names recalling sailors include the Valiant Sailor, King's Lynn. The Black Buoy, is named after a type of channel marker , as the owners had nautical connections.

Pubs by canals include the Locks Inn, , named for the nearby locks. The Shroppie Fly: , is named after a type of canalboat, the 'Shropshire Fly'.http://www.shroppiefly.co.uk/ The Shroppie Fly website As for rivers, the Tide End Cottage, marks the former of the .

Some pubs are named for types of boat, including The Fishing Buss, Southwold; the Lifeboat Inn, Holme-Next-The-Sea, once a smuggler's inn; the Old Ferryboat, Holywell, Cambridgeshire; the Pilot Boat, such as at , Isle of Wight; and the Steam Packet Tavern, Norwich.

A special case is Am Politician, . It is named (in ) after the which sank close to the island in 1941 with a cargo including large amounts of whisky, prompting the story of the Compton Mackenzie novel Whisky Galore.

Air
Air transport began with balloons, commemorated in pubs such as the Balloon, Stamford † (attested in 1848), near where the Mr. H. Green had made several ascents, and the Air Balloon, , , again near a field where early ascents were made.

From the 20th century, several pub names recall pioneering aircraft, like the Comet at Hatfield, Hertfordshire: the pub is named for the de Havilland DH.88 racer, famous for winning of the 1934 McRobertson Cup air race. The Canopus, Hill Road, Borstal, Rochester † is similarly named after the produced at the nearby aircraft factory, while the Flying Boat, Dartford is housed in what was the office of Beadles, a company which manufactured the floats for Sunderland flying boats in the Second World War. The Airman, , Middlesex is named for its proximity to the London Air Park (latterly Hanworth Air Park). The Flying Bedstead, , Nottinghamshire † (now demolished): was named after which led to the Harrier Jump Jet. Finally the name of the Red Arrow, , recalls the name of ; the pub has a sloping triangular roof and was formerly called the "".

Literature
Names from fiction
File:The 'Moon Under Water', High Street, Watford - geograph.org.uk - 610214.jpg|The Moon Under Water, , named after 's description File:Escaped convict Magwitch, by J. Clayton Clarke (Kyd), c. 1900.jpg|, by "Kyd" (Joseph Clayton Clark), c. 1900 File:The Hobbit Southampton (cropped).JPG|The Hobbit, Southampton, named for by J. R. R. Tolkien

Several pubs are named for works of fiction, their lead characters, or their authors.

+ Books, characters, and authors commemorated in pub names
poem
name more likely from the Manchester to London stagecoach

main character in play of same name

"Up and down the City Road / In and out the Eagle" is a couplet in the second verse of the song.

campaigned for abolition of slavery

named after Abel Magwitch; the manuscript is in Wisbech & Fenland Museum

Used in several books and plays

named after the title character

main character in the books. The pub contains a reproduction of 's study.

Imaginary pub of this name in the book

The town of Woking was destroyed by Martian invaders in the novel. A 25 feet (7.6-metre) tall statue of a Martian stands in Chobham Road in the town, and a Martian is depicted in a drawing in the pub.

pubs in Portland, Oregon; Whitby, North Yorkshire; Harrow, Middlesex; Soho, London.

Masefield was from 1930 to 1967. He served for some years on a naval training ship, HMS Conway, off New Ferry pier.

wrote a series of mystery books

threatened with legal action by US movie lawyers

Essay describes Orwell's perfect pub. The pub chain has used the name for thirteen of its outlets.

Pubs in fiction from real-world pubs
Some well-known pub names in fiction derive from real English pubs. The Bush is a "small inn on the Bywater road" near in The Shire in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. Here Gaffer Gamgee recounted to the other regulars his stories about and , who were about to throw a magnificent joint birthday party. The Fellowship of the Ring, "A Long-expected Party". The most likely real-world source is an pub called the Ivy Bush, near where Tolkien lived when he was growing up in Birmingham.Blackham, Bob, 'Tolkien's Birmingham', in Mallorn, the journal of The Tolkien Society issue 45, Spring 2008, p.27
(2025). 9781448617012, Llyfrawr.
The Fortune of War, Smithfield was on "Pie Corner" (where the Great Fire of London stopped) and was frequented by Resurrectionists including the , two of whom, John Bishop and Thomas Williams, were hanged for murder after they sold the bodies for dissection. The pub is mentioned in William Makepeace Thackeray's 1848 Vanity Fair. The 1903 song "Down at the old Bull and Bush" is named for The Old Bull and Bush pub in Hampstead.

People
Individuals
Royal pub names include the King of Prussia, , for Frederick the Great; the Queen of Bohemia, Wych Street, London, † named after Elizabeth, daughter of James I and Anne of Denmark; and the Three Queens Inn, Burton.

People commemorated directly in pub names include the local lifeguard William Adams at , the soldier poet in , the actor , Cambridge †, and the many pubs named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby.

(2006). 9781840222661, Wordsworth Editions. .
Other famous figures on pub signs include Shakespeare, Redland, Bristol, and the politician , at the Walpole Arms, .

Victorious sailors commemorated in pub names include Admiral , at the Rodney Inn, Wisbech, Admiral Collingwood in several pubs in the North-East of England, Guy Earl of Warwick, in , , dates from at least 1896.

Trades
Many pub names record long-forgotten professions.

+ Some pubs named for trades
The story of Henry de Montfort
Workers at the nearby Woodhouse Chemical Works, (C. 1840–1900); it was a beer house on the 1861 census when the licensee was James Lapish.
Showmen who travelled with a performing monkey whose tricks included beating a drum
Arable farming
The wool trade
Nail manufacture, present in the area since the 14th century
Local cavalry
Local wool industry
The army
Peat digging
Local bricklayers
Forestry

Names with a purpose
Puns, jokes and corruptions
Although became increasingly popular through the twentieth century, they should be considered with care. Supposed corruptions of foreign phrases can have simpler explanations. The Dolphin is anglicised from the French Dauphin, commemorating battles in which England defeated France. For example the one in Wellington, Somerset is named in honour of Wellington's victory at the Battle of Waterloo. Some names are simply humorous, like the Paraffin Oil Shop †, in eastern , named so that people could say that they were going to buy . Google Earth view

Curiosities
The pubs with the shortest and longest names in Britain are both in : Q and The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn. The longest name of a London pub, I am the Only Running Footman, was used as the title of a by .
(1987). 9780747231035, Headline.
There is a "pub with no name" in Southover Street, , and another near to Petersfield, Hampshire so known (despite having an actual name), because its sign on the nearest main road has been missing for many years. The Salley Pussey's Inn at Royal Wootton Bassett is said to have been named after Sarah Purse, whose family owned The Wheatsheaf pub in the 19th century. In the 1970s the name was changed to the Salley Pussey's. The Defector's Weld, Shepherd's Bush is apparently named for the coming together of the spies who were working at the nearby during the .

The pub the Drunken Duck is supposedly named for a 19th century event, when a landlady found her ducks apparently dead. After she had plucked them in preparation for cooking them, they awoke, recovering from eating some beer-soaked feed. She is said to have knitted woollen waistcoats for them to replace their feathers.

Pairing and branding
Common enough today, the pairing of words in the name of an inn or tavern was rare before the mid-17th century. By 1708, it had become frequent enough for a pamphlet to complain of "the variety and contradictory language of the signs", citing absurdities such as 'Bull and Mouth', 'Whale and Cow', and 'Shovel and Boot'. Two years later an essay in The Spectator echoed this complaint, deriding such contemporary paired names as 'Bell and 's Tongue', though accepting 'Cat and Fiddle'. One explanation for doubling is the combining of businesses, for example when a landlord of one pub moved to another premises.
(2025). 9781847945150, .

Some pub chains in the UK adopt the same or similar names for many pubs as a means of brand expression. Examples include "The Moon Under Water", commonly used by the chain (and inspired by 's 1946 essay in the , "The Moon Under Water"), and the "Tap and Spile" brand name used by the now defunct Century Inns chain. Paired names intended to be amusing like the Slug and Lettuce pub chain (all with the same name), and the 's chain with names like 'Frog and Firkin' in the late 20th century (discontinued when it was taken over by ), was responsible for many more pub names.

Most common
File:Red Lion public house.jpg|Red Lion, , File:The Royal Oak (2) - sign, 15 Trinity Churchyard - geograph.org.uk - 2100861.jpg|Royal Oak, , File:SwanInn.jpg|Swan, , File:Crown Hotel, Nantwich (1).JPG|Crown, ,

An authoritative list of the most common pub names in is hard to establish, owing to several ambiguities, such as what counts as a as opposed to a licensed , so lists of this form tend to vary hugely. Major surveys include those by the British Beer and Pub Association (BBPA), the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA), and Pubs Galore. In addition, many pubs have closed. In 2008, there were some 50,000 pubs in Britain; by 2018 there were about 39,000.

+ Most common pub names according to different sources

BBPA, 2007
  1. Red Lion (759)
  2. Royal Oak (626)
  3. White Hart (427)
  4. Rose and Crown (326)
  5. King's Head (310)
  6. King's Arms (284)
  7. Queen's Head (278)
  8. The Crown (261)

|valign=top

CAMRA, 2007
  1. Crown (704)
  2. Red Lion (668)
  3. Royal Oak (541)
  4. Swan (451)
  5. White Hart (431)
  6. Railway (420)
  7. Plough (413)
  8. White Horse (379)
  9. Bell (378)In 2008 it was claimed that the total number of names incorporating the word 'Bell' totalled 412.
  10. New Inn (372)

|valign=top

Pubs Galore, 2019
  1. Red Lion (558)
  2. Crown (509)
  3. Royal Oak (432)
  4. White Hart (317)
  5. Swan (296)
  6. Plough (294)
  7. Railway (294)
  8. White Horse (286)
  9. Kings Arms (245)
  10. Ship (244)

See also
  • List of pubs in Australia
  • List of pubs in the United Kingdom

Sources
  • Brewer, E. Cobham (1898) Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. London: Cassell and Co.
  • Cox, Barrie (1994) English Inn and Tavern Names. Nottingham: Centre for English Name Studies,
  • Dunkling, Leslie (1994) Pub Names of Britain, London: Orion (1994),
  • & Wright, Gordon (2006) The Dictionary of Pub Names. Ware: Wordsworth Editions
  • Myrddin ap Dafydd (1992) Welsh Pub Names. Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch (Translation of: Enwau tafarnau Cymru)
  • Wright, Gordon & Curtis, Brian J. (1995) Inns and Pubs of Nottinghamshire: the stories behind the names. Nottingham: Nottinghamshire County Council

Further reading
  • Anon (1969) Inn Signs: their history and meaning. London: the Brewers' Society.
  • Douch, H. L. (1966) Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.
  • Lamb, Cadbury and Wright, Gordon (1968) Inn Signs. London: Shire Publications.
  • Monson-Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) Quaint Signs of Old Inns. London: Senate Books.
  • Richardson, A. E. (1934) The Old Inns of England. London: B. T. Batsford.
  • Townsend, C. R. (2005) Inn-vestigated. The Origins of Public House Names. Leicester: Reprint.

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